Faktor terjadinya keterlambatan muat batu bara dalam kegiatan ship to ship pada mv. Proteas di pt. Penascop perairan muara berau

Loading and unloading activities are one of the most important stages in ship operations, directly affecting the smooth distribution of cargo and the efficiency of a vessel's berthing time. However, in practice, delays in cargo handling frequently occur and may result in operational losses. This study aims to analyze the factors causing delays in coal loading operations on MV. Proteas in the Muara Berau waters. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through direct field observations, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and documentation studies of the vessel's operational reports. The results indicate that the delays in coal loading were caused by unfavorable weather conditions, delayed barge arrivals due to tidal conditions in the Mahakam River, wire rope failures and loading equipment malfunctions, less-than-optimal coordination and communication among the parties involved, and limited human resources. These delays resulted in increased vessel waiting time, higher operational costs, and disruptions to the shipping schedule. Efforts to overcome these issues include improving coordination among stakeholders, implementing pre-operational inspections and preventive maintenance, utilizing weather forecast information, and developing a more effective operational schedule. These measures are expected to ensure that the Ship-to-Ship (STS) coal loading process is carried out more efficiently, safely, and in accordance with the planned schedule.